Introduction to the Kingdom of Kandy
When you hear the word "Kandy," you might think of a peaceful city surrounded by green hills. But behind its charm lies a powerful story of courage, faith, and cultural pride. The Kingdom of Kandy was the last independent monarchy in Sri Lanka before falling to colonial rule.
What Made Kandy So Special?
It wasn’t just another kingdom. Kandy was a fortress of resistance—a place where Buddhism thrived, traditions were preserved, and foreign invaders faced stubborn opposition.
Historical Context and Formation
The Kingdom of Kandy emerged in the late 15th century when Sri Lanka was under threat from European colonizers and divided among rival local powers. Yet, Kandy stood firm in the Central Highlands, defending its land, people, and beliefs.
Origins of the Kandyan Kingdom
Split from the Kingdom of Kotte
After the fragmentation of the Kotte Kingdom, Kandy became an independent kingdom around 1469 AD under the leadership of Senasammata Vikramabahu, the first Kandyan king.
Rise of Senasammata Vikramabahu
He established the royal seat in Senkadagala (modern-day Kandy), setting the stage for a dynasty that would last over 300 years.
Geography and Strategic Advantages
Surrounded by mountains, forests, and rivers, Kandy was naturally protected. These landscapes helped resist invasions and gave Kandyan kings an edge in guerrilla warfare.
Major Rulers of Kandy
King Vimaladharmasuriya I – Revival of Buddhism
He reintroduced Theravāda Buddhism and brought back the Sacred Tooth Relic, which became a symbol of royal power and national identity.
King Rajasinha II – Defender Against Colonial Forces
Rajasinha II waged wars against the Portuguese and Dutch, playing both powers against each other while protecting Kandyan independence.
King Sri Vickrama Rajasinha – The Last King of Kandy
Though he beautified Kandy with projects like Kandy Lake, he was eventually captured by the British, marking the end of native rule.
Resistance Against Colonial Powers
Kandyan Wars with the Portuguese
Starting in the 16th century, the Portuguese tried to capture Kandy, but the terrain and guerrilla tactics of the locals kept them at bay.
Conflicts with the Dutch
The Dutch replaced the Portuguese but failed to conquer Kandy fully. The Kandyans often formed uneasy alliances to protect their sovereignty.
Struggle and Fall to the British
The British, with superior strategy and political manipulation, finally took over Kandy in 1815 via the Kandyan Convention, ending over 2,300 years of monarchy in Sri Lanka.
Religion and Culture in the Kandyan Era
Preservation of Theravāda Buddhism
Despite foreign pressures, Kandy remained the stronghold of Theravāda Buddhism. Monks and kings worked together to protect the faith.
Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic
Housing the Dalada Maligawa, this temple became the spiritual heart of the nation, where the Tooth Relic represented royal legitimacy.
Arts, Dance, and Literature
Kandyan culture birthed rich traditions—Kandyan dance, paintings, and palm-leaf manuscripts that still reflect the soul of the kingdom.
Political Structure of the Kingdom
Monarchy and the Court of Kandy
The king held supreme power but relied on a network of ministers and religious leaders. The royal court was ceremonial, but politically influential.
Role of Local Chieftains (Dissavas)
Dissavas governed provinces and acted as the king’s extended arms. However, their shifting loyalties often affected the kingdom’s stability.
Kandyan Society and Economy
Feudal System and Village Life
Society was organized in a feudal manner. Peasants farmed royal land, and taxes were paid in grain or labor.
Agriculture and Forest Trade
People mainly grew rice, spices, and medicinal herbs. Forest products like honey and timber were key to the economy.
Role of Craftsmen and Artisans
Goldsmiths, dancers, musicians, and weavers all played vital roles, making Kandyan society vibrant and self-sufficient.
Architecture and Landmarks
Royal Palace of Kandy
Though much of it was destroyed during colonization, remnants of the palace still showcase traditional Kandyan woodwork and design.
Embekka, Lankatilaka, and Gadaladeniya Temples
These historic temples feature detailed carvings and inscriptions, symbolizing religious dedication and artistic excellence.
British Takeover and End of the Kingdom
The Kandyan Convention of 1815
This agreement handed control to the British, ending centuries of local monarchy. In return, the British promised to protect Buddhism—a promise they eventually broke.
Impact of British Rule on Kandy
British rule changed land ownership, social systems, and weakened Buddhist institutions. But Kandy remained a center for resistance and pride.
Legacy of the Kandyan Kingdom
Kandy as a UNESCO World Heritage City
Recognized in 1988, Kandy’s well-preserved traditions and architecture earned it global heritage status.
Influence on Modern Sri Lankan Identity
From the national flag to perahera processions, the spirit of Kandy lives on in Sri Lanka’s national identity.
Must-Visit Historical Sites in Kandy
Temple of the Tooth Relic
A spiritual landmark and cultural treasure, visited by millions yearly.
Kandy Lake and Royal Palace
Peaceful and scenic, these spots offer a window into royal leisure and spiritual life.
Festivals and Traditions Still Alive
Kandy Esala Perahera
One of Asia’s grandest festivals, this event features dancers, elephants, and drummers celebrating the Sacred Tooth Relic.
Traditional Kandyan Dance
Performed at cultural shows and ceremonies, it tells stories through rhythm, movement, and vibrant costumes.
Conclusion
The Kingdom of Kandy stood tall as the last bastion of independence and cultural pride in Sri Lanka. Through wars, colonization, and political change, it preserved the island’s heritage, especially Buddhism and art. Today, Kandy is more than a historical city—it’s a living legacy.
FAQs
1. When did the Kingdom of Kandy begin and end?
It began around 1469 AD and ended in 1815 when the British took control.
2. Who was the last king of Kandy?
King Sri Vickrama Rajasinha was the last ruler before the British annexation.
3. Why is Kandy important in Sri Lankan history?
Kandy preserved Buddhism, resisted colonial powers, and represents national heritage.
4. What is the Esala Perahera?
A traditional festival celebrating the Sacred Tooth Relic with parades, dances, and cultural rituals.
5. Is the Temple of the Tooth open to tourists?
Yes, it is a major religious and cultural site open to both pilgrims and tourists.
Please don’t forget to leave a review.
0 Comments